Kubara Umuyaga Uhumeka no Guhitamo Ibikoresho mu Kubaka Umuyoboro (3)

Kurwanya ikirere cyumuyaga uhumeka umuyaga mubyerekeranye nuburyo burimo kurwanya guhuzagurika kwikirere, kurwanya ikirere hamwe, kurwanya inkokora yumuyaga wumuyaga uhumeka, umuyoboro woguhindura umuyaga uhumeka ikirere (press-in ventilation) cyangwa umuyoboro woguhumeka umuyaga winjira mukirere (gukuramo umuyaga), kandi ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo guhumeka, hariho uburyo bwo kubara butoroshye.Ariko, mubikorwa bifatika, kurwanya umuyaga wumuyaga uhumeka ntago bifitanye isano gusa nibintu byavuzwe haruguru, ahubwo bifitanye isano rya bugufi nubwiza bwubuyobozi nko kumanika, kubungabunga, hamwe numuvuduko wumuyaga wumuyaga uhumeka.Kubwibyo, biragoye gukoresha formulaire yo kubara kugirango ibare neza.Ukurikije impuzandengo yapimwe irwanya umuyaga wa metero 100 (harimo no kurwanya umuyaga waho) nkamakuru yo gupima ubuziranenge bwubuyobozi nigishushanyo cyumuyoboro uhumeka.Impuzandengo yumuyaga wa metero 100 itangwa nuwabikoze mugusobanura ibipimo byibicuruzwa.Kubwibyo, umuyaga uhumeka umuyoboro wo kubara umuyaga:

Aho:

R - Kurwanya umuyaga wumuyaga uhumeka,Ns²/m⁸

R₁₀₀- Impuzandengo yumuyaga irwanya umuyaga uhumeka metero 100, kurwanya umuyaga muri 100m kubugufi,Ns²/m⁸

L - Gukuramo uburebure, m, L / 100 bigize coefficient yaR₁₀₀.

3.1.2 Umwuka uva mu muyoboro

Mubihe bisanzwe, imyuka iva mubyuma na plastike ihumeka hamwe nu mwuka muke cyane bibera hamwe.Igihe cyose kuvura hamwe gushimangiwe, umwuka uva muke kandi ushobora kwirengagizwa.Imiyoboro ya PE ihumeka ifite imyuka ihumeka atari ku ngingo gusa ahubwo no ku rukuta rw'imiyoboro hamwe na pinhole z'uburebure bwuzuye, bityo imyuka iva mu miyoboro y'umuyaga ikomeza kandi idahwanye.Umwuka uva mu kirere utera ubwinshi bw'umwukaQ_fkumuyoboro uhuza umuyoboro uhumeka hamwe nabafana kugirango batandukanye nubunini bwumwukaQhafi yisohokera ryumuyoboro uhumeka (ni ukuvuga ingano yumwuka usabwa muri tunnel).Kubwibyo, geometrike isobanura ingano yumwuka mugitangiriro nimpera igomba gukoreshwa nkubunini bwumwukaQ_akunyura mu muyoboro uhumeka, hanyuma:

                                                                                                      (6)

Biragaragara, itandukaniro riri hagati ya Q._fna Q ni umuyoboro uhumeka umuyaga hamwe no guhumeka ikirereQ_L.aribyo:

Q_Lifitanye isano n'ubwoko bw'umuyoboro uhumeka, umubare w'ingingo, uburyo n'ubuyobozi bwiza, kimwe na diameter y'umuyoboro uhumeka umuyaga, umuvuduko w'umuyaga, n'ibindi, ariko ahanini bifitanye isano cyane no kubungabunga no gucunga umuyoboro uhumeka.Hano hari ibipimo bitatu byerekana urwego rwo guhumeka ikirere cyumuyaga uhumeka:

a.Umwuka uva mu muyoboro wa tunnelLe: Ijanisha ryumwuka uva mumiyoboro ya tunnel kugeza kumurimo wumuyaga ukora, aribyo:

Nubwo L.eIrashobora kwerekana umwuka uva mumiyoboro runaka yumuyaga uhumeka, ntishobora gukoreshwa nkigipimo cyo kugereranya.Kubwibyo, metero 100 igipimo cyo kumeneka ikirereLe₁₀₀ni Byakoreshejwe Kugaragaza:

Umuvuduko wa metero 100 wumuyaga wumuyaga uhumeka utangwa nuwakoze umuyoboro mubisobanuro byibicuruzwa byuruganda.Mubisanzwe birasabwa ko umuvuduko wa metero 100 wumuyaga wumuyaga uhumeka ugomba kuba wujuje ibisabwa kumeza ikurikira (reba Imbonerahamwe 2).

Intera ihumeka (m)	<200	200-500	500-1000	1000-2000	> 2000
Le100(%)	<15	<10	<3	<2	<1.5

b.Igipimo cyiza cyumuyagaE_fy'umuyoboro uhumeka wa tunnel: ni ukuvuga, ijanisha ryumubyigano wa tunnel yubunini bwa tunnel mumaso yumurimo wumuyaga ukora.

Kuva kuringaniza (9):Q_f= 100Q / (100-L • Le₁₀₀) (11)

Gusimbuza ikigereranyo (11) muburinganire (10) kugirango ubone:E_f= [(100-L • Le₁₀₀)] x100%

c.Umwuka wo guhumeka ikirere coefficente yumuyoboro uhumekaΦ: Nukuvuga, gusubiranamo igipimo cyiza cyumuyaga mwinshi wumuyaga uhumeka.

3.1.3 Umuyoboro wa tunnel umuyaga

Guhitamo umurambararo wa diameter yumuyoboro uhumeka biterwa nibintu nkubunini bwogutanga ikirere, intera itanga ikirere nubunini bwigice cya tunnel.Mubikorwa bifatika, diameter isanzwe yatoranijwe ahanini ukurikije uko ibintu bihuye na diameter ya feri isohoka.Hamwe niterambere rihoraho ryiterambere rya tekinoroji yubaka, tunel nyinshi kandi ndende ziracukurwa hamwe nibice byuzuye.Gukoresha imiyoboro minini ya diameter yo guhumeka ubwubatsi birashobora koroshya cyane inzira yo kubaka umuyoboro, bifasha mukuzamura no gukoresha ubucukuzi bwuzuye, byorohereza icyarimwe icyarimwe cyo kuziba, bizigama abakozi benshi nibikoresho, kandi byoroshe cyane gucunga umwuka, nicyo gisubizo cyumurongo muremure.Imiyoboro minini ya diameter nini yumuyaga ninzira nyamukuru yo gukemura umuyaga muremure wubaka.

3.2 Menya ibipimo byimikorere yabafana basabwa

3.2.1 Menya ubwinshi bwumwuka wumuyagaQ_f

3.2.2 Menya umuvuduko wumwuka wumuyagah_f

3.3 Guhitamo ibikoresho

Guhitamo ibikoresho byo guhumeka bigomba kubanza gusuzuma uburyo bwo guhumeka kandi byujuje ibisabwa muburyo bwo guhumeka bwakoreshejwe.Muri icyo gihe, mugihe uhitamo ibikoresho, birakenewe kandi gutekereza ko ingano yumwuka isabwa muri tunnel ihuye nibipimo byimikorere yimiyoboro yavuzwe haruguru yabazwe hamwe nabafana, kugirango harebwe niba imashini nibikoresho bihumeka bigera kuri byinshi gukora neza no kugabanya imyanda yingufu.

3.3.1 Guhitamo abafana

a.Muguhitamo abafana, abafana ba axial bakoreshwa cyane kubera ubunini bwabo, uburemere bworoshye, urusaku ruto, kwishyiriraho byoroshye no gukora neza.

b.Ingano yumwuka ikora yabafana igomba kuba yujuje ibisabwaQ_f.

c.Umuvuduko wumwuka wumuyaga ugomba kuba wujuje ibisabwah_f, ariko ntigomba kuba irenze igitutu cyemewe cyakazi cyumufana (ibipimo byuruganda rwumufana).

3.3.2 Guhitamo umuyoboro uhumeka

a.Imiyoboro ikoreshwa mu gucukura umuyaga ucamo ibice bigabanijwemo imiyoboro idafite umuyaga uhindagurika, imiyoboro ihumeka yoroheje hamwe na skeleti ikomeye hamwe nuyoboro uhumeka neza.Umuyoboro udafite uburyo bworoshye bwo guhumeka ni urumuri muburemere, byoroshye kubika, gufata, guhuza no guhagarika, kandi bifite igiciro gito, ariko birakwiriye gusa gukanda-guhumeka;Mu gukuramo umwuka, hashobora gukoreshwa gusa imiyoboro yoroheje kandi ikomeye yo guhumeka hamwe na skeleton ikomeye.Kubera igiciro cyayo kinini, uburemere bunini, ntabwo byoroshye kubika, gutwara no kwishyiriraho, gukoresha igitutu muri pass ni bike.

b.Guhitamo umuyoboro uhumeka utekereza ko diameter yumuyoboro uhumeka uhuye na diameter isohoka yumufana.

c.Iyo ibindi bihe bidatandukanye cyane, biroroshye guhitamo umuyaga ufite imbaraga nke zumuyaga kandi umuvuduko muke wa metero 100.

Gukomeza ......